Purification of proteins with cationic surfactant

ABSTRACT

The subject invention provides a method for purifying a target protein from a mixture comprising the target protein and contaminating protein, comprising the steps of exposing the mixture to an effective amount of a cationic surfactant such that the contaminating protein is preferentially precipitated and recovering the target protein. Proteins purified according to the method of the invention are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No.15/356,046, filed Nov. 18, 2016, which is a division of U.S. applicationSer. No. 11/918,292, filed Aug. 14, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,534,013,which is a U.S. National Phase Application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 ofInternational Application No. PCT/US2006/013751, filed Apr. 12, 2006,the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentireties,

FILED OF INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of protein purification usingsurfactants.

BACKGROUND

Production of biological macromolecules, particularly proteins, ofteninvolves purity-enhancing steps based on physical and physicochemicalproperties. Difficulties encountered in such process steps include, butare not limited to, determining conditions which enable separation ofsoluble and insoluble molecules, relatively low recovery of the desiredmolecule after a treatment step, loss of biological activity in thecourse of the process, and sensitivity of the protein to process stepconditions such as pH.

Surfactants have been utilized in the processing of biologicalmacromolecules. Cationic surfactants are a recognized subclass ofsurfactants, and include amphipathic ammonium compounds. Amphipathicammonium. compounds comprise quaternary ammonium compounds of thegeneral formula QN⁺ and paraffin chain primary ammonium compounds of thegeneral formula RNH₃ ⁺. Both types of amphipathic ammonium compoundsinclude long-chain ammonium surfactants that have a long aliphatic chainof preferably at least six carbon atoms (Scott (1960) Methods Biochem.Anal. 8:145-197, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Thelong-chain quaternary ammonium surfactants are known to interact withbiological macromolecules. The long-chain quaternary ammonium compoundshave at least one substituent at the nitrogen which consists of a linearalkyl chain with 6-20 carbon atoms. The best known representatives ofthis class are the benzalkonium salts (chlorides and bromides),hexadecylpyridinium chloride dequalinium acetate, cetyldimethylammbromide (CTAB) and hexadecylpyridinium chloride (CPC1), and benzethoniumchloride. Quaternary ammonium surfactants include salts such as cetylpyridinium salts, e.g. cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC),stearamide-methylpyridinium salts, lauryl pyridinium salts, cetylquinolynium salts, lauryl aminopropionic acid methyl ester salts, laurylamino propionic acid metal salts, lauryl dimethyl betaine stearyldimethyl betaine, lauryl dihydroxyethyl betaine and benzethonium salts.Alkyl pyridinium salts comprise stearyl-trimethyl ammonium salts,alkyl-dimethylbenzyl-ammonium chloride, anddichloro-benzyldimethyl-alkylammonium chloride.

Known uses of cationic surfactants for purifying biologicalmacromolecules include 1) solubilization of aggregates, includingprotein aggregates; 2) elution of chromatographic column-boundbiological macromolecules; and 3) precipitation of polyanions such ashyaluronic acid (HA), nucleic acids, and heparin (and molecules whichco-precipitate with polyanions).

Cationic surfactants have been used for solubilizing protein aggregates.Otta and Bertini ((1975) Acta Physiol. Latinoam. 25:451-457,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) demonstrated thatactive uricase could be solubilized from rodent liver peroxizomes withthe quaternary ammonium surfactant, Hyamine 2389. It is found thatincrease of the ammonium surfactant concentration resulted in increaseof dissolution of both uricase (based on enzymatic activity) and totalprotein such that there is no increase in the relative amount of uricaseprotein with respect to the amount of total protein. In other words,there was no selective solubilization of the uricase protein withrespect to protein, and the uricase protein did not constitute a higherpercentage of the total protein upon solubilization with the cationicsurfactant. Thus, in this process, uricase purity with respect to thetotal protein content is apparently not enhanced as a result ofquaternary ammonium surfactant solubilization.

In another study, Truscoe ((1967) Enzymologia 33:1 19-32, incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety) examined a panel of cationic,anionic, and neutral detergents for their extraction efficacy of urateoxidase (uricase) from ox kidney powders. While the neutral and anionicdetergents were found to enhance soluble urate oxidase activity, thecationic detergents, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts, were found todecrease total enzymatic activity with increasing concentration. Theauthors concluded that cationic detergents were not useful for purifyingox kidney urate oxidase.

Solubilization of recombinant proteins, porcine growth hormone,methionyl-porcine growth hormone, infectious bursal disease virusprotein, B-galactosidase fusion protein, from E. coli inclusion bodiesor cells, with cationic surfactants is described in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,797,474, 4,992,531, 4,966,963, and 5,008,377, each incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety. Solubilization under alkaline conditionsis accomplished using quaternary ammonium compounds includingcetyltrimethylammonium chloride, mixed n-alkyl dimethyl benzylammoniumchloride, CPC,N,N-dimethyl-N-[2-[2-[4-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)-phenoxy]ethoxy]ethyl]benzenemethanammonium chloride, tetradecyl trimethylammonium bromide,dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide.These publications mention that, after each solubilization process, thesolutions are centrifuged, and little to no pellet is observed in eachcase. This observation suggests that most or all of the proteins aresolubilized without regard to selectivity for the solubilization of atarget protein. The purity of the recovered proteins is not indicated.U.S. Pat. No. 5,929,231, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety, describes cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) disintegration ofgranules and aggregates cotaining starches. Thus, the prior art relatesto use of cationic surfactants for general, nonspecific solubilizationof particulate biological macromolecules. These methods of the prior artdo not disclose increasing the purity of a desired target protein withrespect to total protein with a cationic surfactant.

Cationic surfactants have also been used to elute biologicalmacromolecules adsorbed to cation exchange resins or aluminum-containingadjuvants (Antonopoulos, et al. (1961) Biochim. Biophys. Acta54:213-226; Embery (1976) J. Biol. Buccale 4:229-236; and Rinella, etal. (1998) J. Colloid Interface Sci. 197:48-56, each of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety). U.S. Pat. No.4,169,764, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describeselution of urokinase from carboxymethyl cellulose columns using a widevariety of cationic surfactant solutions. The authors state a preferencefor using tetra substituted ammonium salts in which one alkyl group is ahigher alkyl group up to 20 carbon atoms and the others are lower alkylgroups up to 6 carbon atoms. Use of such cationic surfactants enablesremoval of biological macromolecules from their attachment to a solidmatrix.

Conversely, impregnation of filters such as those composed of nylon,with cationic surfactant enables immobilizing of polysaccharides ornucleic acids (Maccari and Volpi (2002) Electrophoresis 23:3270-3277;Benitz, et al. (1990) U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,086; Macfarlane (1991) U.S.Pat. No. 5,010,183, each of which is incorporated herein by reference inits entirety). This phenomenon is apparently due to cationicsurfactant-polyanion interactions which enable precipitation of thepolyanion.

It is well established that amphipathic ammonium compounds, whichcomprise quaternary ammonium compounds of the general formula QN⁺ andparaffin chain primary ammonium compounds of the general formula RNH₃ ⁺,can precipitate polyanions under defined conditions (reviewed in Scott(1955) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 18:428-429; Scott (1960) Methods Biochem.Anal. 8:145-197; Laurent, et al., (1960) Biochim. Biophys. Acta42:476-485; Scott (1961) Biochem. J. 81:418-424; Pearce and Mathieson(1967) Can. J. Biochemistry 45:1565-1576; Lee (1973) Fukushima J. Med.Sci. 19:33-39; Balazs, (1979) U.S. Pat. No. 4,141,973; Takemoto, et al.,(1982) U.S. Pat. No. 4,312,979; Rosenberg (1981) U.S. Pat. No.4,301,153; Takemoto, et al., (1984) U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,431;d'Hinterland, et al., (1984) U.S. Pat. No. 4,460,575; Kozma, et al.(2000) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 203:103-112, each of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety). This precipitation is dependent onthe precipitating species having a high polyanion charge density andhigh molecular weight (Saito (1955) Kolloid-Z 143:66, incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety). The presence of salts caninterfere with or reverse cationic surfactant-induced precipitation ofpolyanions.

Additionally, polyanions can be differentially precipitated fromsolutions containing protein contaminants, under alkaline pH conditions.In such cases, proteins not chemically bound to the polyanions willremain in solution, while the polyanions and other molecules bound tothe polyanions will precipitate. For example, precipitation ofpolyanions such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids is accompanied byco-precipitation of molecules such as proteoglycans and proteinsinteracting with the polyanions (Blumberg and Ogston (1958) Biochem. J.68:183-188; Matsumura, et al., (1963) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 69:574-576; Serafini-Fracassini, et al. (1967) Biochem, J. 105:569-575;Smith, et al. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259:11046-11051; Fuks and Vlodaysky(1994) U.S. Pat. No.5,362,641; Hascall and Heinegard (1974) J. Biol.Chem. 249:4232-4241, 4242-4249, and 4250-4256; Heinegard and Hascall(1974) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 165: 427-441; Moreno, et al. (1988) U.S.Pat. No. 4,753,796; Lee, et al. (1992) J. Cell Biol. 116: 545-557;Varelas, et al. (1995) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 321: 21-30, each of whichis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

The isoelectric point (or pI) of a protein is the pH at which theprotein has an equal number of positive and negative charges. Undersolution conditions with pH values close to (especially below) aprotein's isoelectric point, proteins can form stable salts withstrongly acidic polyanions such as heparin. Under conditions whichpromote precipitation of such polyanions, the proteins complexed withthe polyanions also precipitate (L B Jaques (1943) Biochem. J.37:189-195; A S Jones (1953) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 10:607-612; J EScott (1955) Chem and Ind. 168-169; U.S. Pat. No. 3,931,399 (Bohn, etal., 1976) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,297,344 (Schwinn, et al., 1981), each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,421,650, 5,633,227, and Smith, et al. ((1984) J. Biol.Chem. 259:11046-11051, each of which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety) describe purification of polyanions by sequentialtreatment with a cationic surfactant and ammonium sulfate (that enablesdissociation of polyanion-cationic surfactant complexes) and subsequentseparation using hydrophobic interactions chromatography. Europeanpatent publication EP055188, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety, describes cationic surfactant-enabled separation of RTX toxinfrom lipopolysaccharide. However, there is no mass balance in the amountof lipopolysaccharide that is quantified by endotoxin activity assays.Neutralization of endotoxin activity by strongly interacting cationiccompounds has been demonstrated (Cooper J F (1990) J Parenter SciTechnol 44:13-5, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).Thus, in EP055188, the lack of endotoxin activity in the precipitatefollowing treatment with increasing amounts of cationic surfactantpossibly results from neutralization of the activity bysurfactant-lipopolysaccharide complex formation.

The above-mentioned methods require intermediary polyanions, solidsupports or aggregates comprising proteins with selective solubility bya cationic surfactant for enabling purification of soluble proteinsusing cationic surfactant. Hence, the prior art does not provide amethod of purifying a target protein by contacting the protein with acationic surfactant an amount effective to preferentially precipitateproteins other than the target protein, i.e., contaminating proteins,particularly when such contacting is done in the absence of intermediarypolyanions, solid supports, or aggregates of proteins. Often, oneskilled in the art encounters mixtures of soluble proteins and does nothave a simple, efficient means for purifying the desired protein. Thenovel method for purifying proteins, described herein, enables efficientpurification of target proteins by using cationic surfactants topreferentially precipitate proteins other than the target protein.Preferably such precipitation of contaminating proteins is direct, anddoes not depend upon the presence of polyanions, solid supports oraggregates comprising the contaminating proteins and other molecules.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention provides a method for purifying a target proteinfrom a mixture comprising the target protein and contaminating protein,comprising the steps of exposing the mixture to an effective amount of acationic surfactant such that the contaminating protein ispreferentially precipitated and recovering the target protein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A through FIG. 1C depict the effects of CPC concentration on theactivity and purity of mammalian uricase from dissolved E. coliinclusion bodies, which are measured following the indicated CPCtreatments and centrifugal separation.

FIG. 1A shows protein concentration of mammalian uricase.

FIG. 1B shows enzymatic activity of mammalian uricase.

FIG. 1C shows the specific activity of each isolate calculated as aratio of these values (activity/protein concentration).

FIG. 2A through FIG. 2B depict size-exclusion HPLC chromatographicanalysis of crude mammalian uricase prepared from inclusion bodies andfollowing treatment with 0.075% CPC. The areas of each peak and thepercent of total area are summarized in the adjacent tables.

FIG. 2A shows size-exclusion HPLC profiles of solubilized E. coliinclusion bodies without CPC treatment

FIG. 2B shows the supernatant following CPC (0.075%) precipitation andfiltration.

FIG. 3 depicts SDS-PAGE (15% gel) analysis of CPC treated uricase.

The uricase-containing samples are prepared as described in Example 1.Samples from various process steps are aliquoted as follows: Lane1—dissolved Ms; Lane 2—supernatant after CPC treatment; Lane 3—pelletafter CPC treatment,

FIG. 4A through FIG. 4C depict size-exclusion HPLC analysis of crudescFv antibody following treatment with 0.02% CPC. The areas of each peakand the percent of total area are summarized in the adjacent tables.

FIG. 4A shows size-exclusion HPLC profiles.

FIG. 4B shows reference standard BTG-271 scFv antibody and solubilizedinclusion bodies.

FIG. 4C shows the supernatant following refolding and CPC (0.02%)precipitation and filtration are analyzed.

FIG. 5 depicts SDS-PAGE (15% gel) analysis of CPC treated scFv antibody.

The scFv antibody-containing samples from various process steps andstandards are presented in the following order: Lane 1—molecular weightstandards; Lane 2—dissolved IBs; Lane 3—refolded protein; Lane 4—CPCpellet; Lane 5—supernatant after CPC treatment.

FIG. 6A through FIG. 6B depict HPLC gel filtration chromatography ofinterferon beta before and after treatment with CPC.

FIG. 6A. Before CPC treatment.

FIG. 6B. After CPC treatment.

200 μl of a solution of 0.1 mg/ml interferon beta was loaded into thecolumn.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Proteins are ampholytes, having both positive and negative charges. ThepH of a solution and charged molecules that interact with a proteinimpact the net charge of that protein. Strong interactions betweenproteins can occur when the net charge of a protein is neutral (theisoelectric point). When the pH of the solution is below the isoelectricpoint of the protein, the protein has a net positive charge, and theremay be electrostatic repulsion. between cationic molecules, includingother proteins.

It is an object of the invention to provide a method for purifying asolubilized target protein from a solution comprising a mixture of thetarget protein and contaminating proteins comprising contacting thesolubilized mixture with an effective amount of a cationic surfactantand recovering the target protein. Cationic surfactants aresurface-active molecules with a positive charge. In general, thesecompounds also have at least one non-polar aliphatic group. Preferablythe target protein has an isoelectric point greater than 7. In aparticular embodiment, the pH of the solution is about the same as theisoelectric point of the target protein. In a preferred embodiment, thepH of the solution is less than the isoelectric point of the targetprotein. In a particular embodiment, when the pH of the solution isabove the isoelectric point of the target protein, the pH of thesolution is within 1-2 pH units of the isoelectric point of the targetprotein. In a particular embodiment, when the pH of the solution isabove the isoelectric point of the target protein, the pH of thesolution is within 1 pH unit of the isoelectric point of the targetprotein.

In a particular embodiment, the contaminating protein or proteins arepreferentially precipitated, thereby increasing the proportion of theproteins remaining in solution represented by the target protein. Forexample, starting from a solution of target protein and contaminatingprotein wherein the target protein is 20% of the total protein insolution, one can purify the target protein using the methods providedto achieve a solution wherein the target protein is 30% or more, 40% ormore, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more,95% or more of the total protein remaining in solution.

As used herein, the term “preferentially precipitate” means that aprotein or group of proteins are precipitated to a greater extent thananother protein or group of proteins. For example, in the case of amixture of a target protein and contaminating proteins, thecontaminating proteins are preferentially precipitated with respect tothe target protein when 20% or more of the contaminating proteins areprecipitated, while less than 20% of the target protein is precipitated.Preferably, a high percentage of contaminating proteins areprecipitated, while a low percentage of the target protein isprecipitated. In preferred embodiments, 30% or more of the contaminatingproteins are precipitated, while less than 30% of the target protein isprecipitated; 40% or more of the contaminating proteins areprecipitated, while less than 40% of the target protein is precipitated;50% or more of the contaminating proteins are precipitated, while lessthan 50% of the target protein is precipitated; 60% or more of thecontaminating proteins are precipitated, while less than 60% of thetarget protein is precipitated; 70% or more of the contaminatingproteins are precipitated, while less than 70% of the target protein isprecipitated; 80% or more of the contaminating proteins areprecipitated, while less than 80% of the target protein is precipitated;90% or more of the contaminating proteins are precipitated, while lessthan 90% of the target protein is precipitated; 95% or more of thecontaminating proteins are precipitated, while less than 95% of thetarget protein is precipitated. Preferably, a small percentage of thetarget protein is precipitated. For example, less than 60%, less than50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, lessthan 5% or less than 1% of the target protein is precipitated.

In a particular embodiment, the total amount of protein in solution(target protein plus contaminating protein), prior to carrying out thepurification method of the invention, is from 0.1 to 10 mg/ml. Inparticular embodiments, the total amount of protein in solution prior tocarrying out the purification method of the invention is from 0.1 to 3mg/ml, 0.3 to 2mg/ml, 0.5 to 2 mg/ml, 0.5 to 1 mg/ml, 1 to 2 mg/ml, orabout 1 mg/ml.

In particular embodiments, the preferential precipitation ofcontaminating proteins is direct, and does not depend, or does notsubstantially depend, upon the presence of polyanions. In anotherembodiment, the preferential precipitation of contaminating proteins isdirect, and does not depend, or es not substantially depend, upon thepresence of a solid support. In another embodiment, the preferentialprecipitation of contaminating proteins does not depend, or does notsubstantially depend, upon the presence of aggregates betweencontaminating proteins and other molecules. The preferentialprecipitation of contaminating proteins does not depend or substantiallydepend upon a component (e.g., polyanions, solid supports, or aggregatesof contaminating proteins and other molecules) when, for example, theremoval of that component does not effect or does not substantiallyeffect, respectively, the preferential precipitation of contaminatingprotein. An example of an insubstantial effect of the removal of acomponent would be that the contaminating proteins are preferentiallyprecipitated both when the component is present and when it is absent. Afurther example would be, the contaminating proteins are preferentiallyprecipitated to the same extent when the component is present and whenit is absent. Preferably, the same or substantially the same amount ofcontaminating proteins are precipitated in the absence or substantialabsence of the component as is in the presence of the component.

In another embodiment, the method is performed in the absence ofpolyanions or in the absence of substantial amounts of polyanions. Inanother embodiment, the method is performed in the absence of a solidsupport or in the absence of a substantial solid support. In anotherembodiment, the method is performed in the absence of aggregates betweencontaminating proteins and other molecules, or in the absence ofsubstantial amounts of aggregates between contammating proteins andother molecules. Preferably, the method is performed in the absence ofor in the absence of substantial amounts of two or three members of thegroup consisting of polyanions; a solid support; and aggregates betweencontaminating proteins and other molecules.

Once provided the method of the invention, it is routine for one ofskill in the art to select the particular surfactant used and theconditions, e.g., pH, temperature, salinity, cationic surfactantconcentration, total protein concentration, under which this procedureis accomplished to enhance efficiency of the purification of aparticular target protein. For example, purifications performed atdiffering pH values and surfactant concentrations may be compared toestablish the optimal purification conditions. Examples of thisprocedure are provided below in the Examples section. In a particularembodiment, the pH of the solution is chosen such that it is as high asis possible without substantially reducing the amount of target proteinrecovered.

It is a further objective of the invention to provide a method fordetermining conditions which enable efficient purification of targetproteins on the basis of their solubility, as impacted by cationicsurfactants.

An effective amount of cationic surfactant is an amount of surfactantthat causes the preferential precipitation of contaminating proteins. Inparticular embodiments, the effective amount of surfactant precipitates40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% of the contaminating proteins.

In an embodiment of the invention, the cationic surfactant is added to aconcentration of from 0.001% to 5.0%, preferably the cationic surfactantis added to a concentration of from 0.01% to 0.5% and more preferably,the cationic surfactant is added to a concentration of from 0.03% to0.2%. In particular embodiments, the cationic surfactant is added to aconcentration of from 0.01% to 0.1%, 0.01% to 0.075%, 0.01% to 0.05% or0.01% to 0.03%.

In an embodiment of the invention, the above-mentioned method isaccomplished when the cationic surfactant is an amphipathic ammoniumcompound.

In a preferred embodiment, the solubilized target protein is subjectedto further processing after contaminating proteins have beenpreferentially precipitated. Such further processing can includeadditional purification steps, assays for activity or concentration,dialysis, chromatography (e.g., HPLC, size exclusion chromatography),electrophoresis, dialysis, etc.

As used herein, amphipathic ammonium compounds comprise compounds havingboth cationic and non-polar components with the general formula ofeither QN⁺ or RNH₃ ⁺. Q indicates that the nitrogen is a quaternaryammonium (covalently bonded to four organic groups which may or may notbe bonded one to another). When organic groups are bonded one toanother, they may form cyclic aliphatic or aromatic compounds, dependingon the electronic configuration of the bonds between the componentswhich form the cyclic structure. When the amphipathic ammonium compoundselected has the general formula, RNH₃ ⁺, the compound is a primaryamine wherein R is an aliphatic group. Aliphatic groups are open chainorganic groups.

In an embodiment of the invention, the selected amphipathic ammoniumcompound may form a salt with a halide. Commonly, halide salts refer tothose comprising fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide ions.

In an embodiment of the invention, the amphipathic ammonium compound hasat least one aliphatic chain having 6-20 carbon atoms, preferably, theamphipathic ammonium compound has at least one aliphatic chain having8-18 carbon atoms.

In an embodiment of the invention, the selected amphipathic ammoniumcompound is selected from the group consisting of cetyl pyridiniumsalts, stearamide-methylpyridinium salts, lauryl pyridinium salts, cetylquinolynium salts, lauryl aminopropionic acid methyl ester salts, laurylamino propionic acid metal salts, lauryl dimethyl betaine, stearyldimethyl betaine, lauryl dihydroxyethyl betaine and benzethonium salts.

Amphipathic ammonium compounds which may be used include, but are notlimited to hexadecylpyridinium chloride dequalinium acetate,hexadecylpyridinium chloride, cetyltrirnethylamrnoniurn chloride, mixedn-alkyl dimethyl benzylammonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium chloride(CPC),N,N-dimethyl-N-[2-[2-[4-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)-phenoxy]ethoxy]ethyl]benzenemethanammonium chloride, alkyl-dimethylbenzyl-ammonium chloride,and dichloro-benzyldimethyl-alkylammonium chloride, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, lauryl dimethyl betaine stearyl dimethylbetaine, and lauryl dihydroxyethyl betaine.

In an embodiment of the invention, the amphipathic ammonium compound isa cetylpyridinium salt such as cetylpyridinium chloride.

In an embodiment of the invention, the mixture containing the desiredprotein further comprises cellular components such as cellularcomponents derived from microorganisms, for example, bacteria such as E.coli.

In an embodiment of the invention, the cellular components are one ormore proteins.

In an embodiment of the invention the target protein may be arecombinant protein, for example, an enzyme

The method of the invention can be used to purify a variety of proteins.These proteins may include, but are not limited to antibodies, uricase,interferon-beta, leech factor X inhibitor, acid deoxyribonuclease II,elastase, lysozyme, papain, peroxidase, pancreatic ribonuclease,trypsinogen, trypsin, cytochrome c, erabutoxin, staphylococcus aureusenterotoxin C1, and monoamine oxidase A, and other proteins that arepositively charged under alkaline conditions.

In an embodiment of the invention the target protein may be an antibody,receptor, enzyme, transport protein, hormone, or fragment thereof or aconjugate e.g., conjugated to a second protein or a chemical or a toxin.

Antibodies include but are not limited to monoclonal, humanized,chimeric, single chain, bispecific, Fab fragments, IP(ab′)2 fragments,fragments produced by a Fab expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id)antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above, but withthe proviso that at the conditions of the purification the antibody ispositively charged.

For preparation of monoclonal antibodies, any technique that providesfor the production of antibody molecules by continuous culture of celllines may be used. These include but are not limited to the hybridomatechnique of Kohler and Milstein, (1975, Nature 256, 495-497; and U.S.Pat. No. 4,376,110), the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor etal., 1983, Immunology Today 4, 72; Cole et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 80, 2026-2030), and the EBV-hybridoma technique to producehuman monoclonal antibodies (Cole et al., 1985, Monoclonal AntibodiesAnd Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96).

Such antibodies may be used as the basis from which to clone and thusrecombinantly express individual heavy and light chains. The two chainsmay be recombinantly expressed in the same cell or combined in vitroafter separate expression and purification. Nucleic acids (e.g., on aplasmid vector) encoding a desired heavy or light chain or encoding amolecule comprising a desired heavy or light chain variable domain canbe transfected into a cell expressing a distinct antibody heavy or lightchain or molecule comprising an antibody heavy or light chain, forexpression of a multimeric protein. Alternatively, heavy chains ormolecules comprising the variable region thereof or a CDR thereof canoptionally be expressed and used without the presence of a complementarylight chain or light chain variable region. In other embodiments, suchantibodies and proteins can be N or C-terminal modified, e.g., byC-terminal amidation or N-terminal acetylation.

A chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions arederived from different animal species, such as those having a variableregion derived from a murine mAb and a human immunoglobulin constantregion. (See, e.g., Cabilly et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Boss etal., U.S. Pat. No. 5,816,397.) Techniques for the production of chimericantibodies include the splicing the genes from a mouse antibody moleculeof appropriate antigen specificity together with genes from a humanantibody molecule of appropriate biological activity (see for example,Morrison, et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 81, 6851-6855;Neuberger, et al., 1984. Nature 312, 604-608; Takeda, et al., 1985,Nature 314, 452-454).

Humanized antibodies are antibody molecules from non-human specieshaving one or more complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) from thenon-human species and framework regions from a human immunoglobulinmolecule. Techniques for the production of humanized antibodies aredescribed for example in Queen, U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089 and Winter, U.S.Pat. No. 5,225,539. The extent of the framework regions and CDRs havebeen precisely defined (see, “Sequences of Proteins of ImmunologicalInterest”, Kabat, E. et al., U.S. Department of Health and HumanServices (1983).

Single chain antibodies are formed by linking the, heavy and light chainfragments of the Fv region via an amino acid bridge, resulting in asingle chain polypeptide. Techniques for the production of single chainantibodies are described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778; Bird,1988, Science 242, 423-426; Huston, et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 85, 5879-5883; and Ward, et al., 1989, Nature 334, 544-546).

A bispecific antibody is a genetically engineered antibody whichrecognizes two types of targets e.g. (1) a specific epitope and (2) a“trigger” molecule e.g. Fe receptors on myeloid cells. Such bispecificantibodies can be prepared either by chemical conjugation, hybridoma, orrecombinant molecular biology techniques.

Antibody fragments include but are not limited to: The F(ab′)2fragments, which can be produced by pepsin digestion of the antibodymolecule and the F(ab′) fragments, which can be generated by reducingthe disulfide bridges of the F(ab′)2 fragments. Alternatively, Fabexpression libraries may be constructed (Huse, et al., 1989, Science246, 1275-1281) to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fabfragments with the desired specificity.

In an embodiment of the invention, the protein is uricase.

In another embodiment of the invention, the uricase is a mammalianuricase.

In another embodiment of the invention, the mammalian uricase is avariant mammalian uricase.

In another embodiment of the invention, the mammalian uricase is aporcine uricase.

In another embodiment of the invention, the variant porcine uricase isdesignated PKSΔN uricase.

In another embodiment of the invention, the protein is an antibody.

In another embodiment of the invention, the antibody is a single chainantibody.

In another embodiment of the invention, the protein is an interferon.

In another embodiment of the invention the interferon is interferonbeta. In a particular embodiment, the interferon is interferon beta 1b.Nagola, S. et al., Nature, 284:316 (1980); Goeddel, D. V. et al.,Nature, 287:411 (1980); Yelverton, E. et al., Nuc. Acid Res., 9:731(1981); Streuli, M. et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. (U.S.), 78:2848(1981); European Pat. Application No. 28033, published May 6, 1981;321134, published Jul. 15, 1981; 34307 published Aug. 26, 1981; andBelgian Patent No, 837379, issued Jul. 1, 1981 described various methodsfor the production of beta-interferon employing recombinant DNAtechniques. Procedures for recovering and purifying bacterially producedIFNs are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,450,103; 4,315,852; 4,343,735;and 4,343,736; and Derynck et al., Nature (1980) 287:193-197 andScandella and Kornberg, Biochemistry, 10:4447 0971).

In a particular embodiment, the target protein is leech factor Xa. Leechfactor Xa may be produced by any method known to one of skill in theart, such as the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,341 andInternational Patent Publication No. WO94/23735.

In an embodiment of the invention, the contacting is done for betweenabout 1 minute and about 48 hours, more preferably from about 10 minutesto about 24 hours, about 30 minutes to about 12 hours, about 30 minutesto about 8 hours, about 30 minutes to about 6 hours, about 30 minutes toabout 4 hours, about 30 minutes to about 2 hours, about 30 minutes toabout 1 hour, or about 1 to about 2 hours.

In an embodiment of the invention, the contacting is done at atemperature from about 4° C. to about 36° C.; more preferably from about4° C. to about 26° C.

The subject invention also provides use of cationic surfactant as asingle agent for purifying a protein having an isoelectric point greaterthan 7 under alkaline conditions.

The subject invention also provides a uricase purified under alkalineconditions from a mixture by the addition of cetylpyridinium chloride tothe mixture.

In an embodiment of the invention, the uricase is obtained from abacterial cell comprising DNA encoding the uricase by a methodcomprising treating the bacterial cell so as to express the DNA andproduce the unease and recovering the uricase.

In an embodiment of the invention, the uricase is recovered fromprecipitates within the bacterial cell.

The subject invention also provides purified uricase for use inpreparing a uricase-polymer conjugate.

The invention also provides a purified protein having an isoelectricpoint greater than 7 obtainable by a method comprising contacting amixture containing the protein with an effective amount of a cationicsurfactant under conditions such that the protein is positively chargedor has an area of positive charge, and recovering the protein.

The subject invention also provides use of a cetylpyridinium salt forpurifying a protein having an isoelectric point greater than 7.

As to the pH, in embodiments where the mixture is contacted with aneffective amount of a cationic surfactant under conditions such that thetarget protein is positively charged, the pH will vary with the natureof the target protein. However, the pH is preferably between pH7 andpH11; preferred ranges are from about pH7 and pH10, pH7 to pH9, pH8 topH11, pH8 to pH10or pH8 to pH9.

EXAMPLES

The examples which follow are set forth to aid in understanding theinvention but are not intended to and should not be construed to limitits scope in any way.

Example 1 Use of CPC for Purification of Recombinant Mammalian Uricase1.1. Background

Pharmaceutical grade uricase must be essentially free of non-uricaseprotein. Mammalian uricase (isoelectric point of 8.67) produced in E.coli accumulated intracellularly in precipitates similar to organellesreferred to as inclusion bodies (IBs) which can be easily isolated forfurther purification. In contrast to the classical view that IBs containscrambled/mis-folded expressed. protein, these IB-like elements containcorrectly folded uricase in a precipitated form. Exposure of uricaseIB-like elements to an alkaline pH, e.g., about pH9-11, re-dissolved theprecipitated protein. The uricase content in solubilized IB-likeelements was about 40-60% and required extensive purification to obtaina homogeneous uricase preparation. Herein, we demonstrate purificationof uricase and other protein with CPC that can be assessed by a varietyof methods. For example, mammalian uricase purity can be assessed bydetermining the specific activity, the number of bands which appearfollowing electrophoresis and staining of SDS-PAGE gels, and the numberand size of peaks which appear in a chromatogram following sizeexclusion HPLC.

1.2. Materials and Methods 1.2.1. 50 mM NaHCO₃ Buffer (pH 10.3)

This buffer was prepared by dissolving NaHCO₃ to a final concentrationof 50 mM. The pH was adjusted to 10.2-10.4. Depending on starting pH,0.1 M HCl or 1 N NaOH may be used.

1.2.2. 10% CPC Solution

10% CPC was prepared by dissolving CPC in distilled water to a finalconcentration of 10 gr/100 ml

1.2.3. Recombinant Porcine Uricase Expression

Recombinant mammalian uricase (urate oxidase) was expressed in E. coliK-12 strain W3110 F, as described in International Patent PublicationWO00/08196 of Duke University and U.S. Patent Provisional ApplicationNo. 60/095,489, incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

1.2.4. Culture and Harvest of Uricase-Producing Bacteria

Bacteria were cultured at 37° C. in growth medium containing caseinhydrolysate, yeast extract, salts, glucose, and ammonia.

Following culture, bacteria in which uricase accumulated were harvestedby centrifugation and washed with water remove residual culture medium.

1.2.5. Cell Disruption and Recovery

Harvested cell pellet was suspended in 50 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.0 and 10mM EDTA and brought to a final volume of approximately 20 times the drycell weight (DCW). Lysozyme, at a concentration of 2000-3000 units/ml,was added to the suspended pellet while mixing, and incubated for 16-20hours, at 4-8° C.

The cell lysate was treated by high shear mixing and subsequently bysonication. The suspension was diluted with an equal volume of deionizedwater and centrifuged. The pellet, containing uricase inclusion bodies,was diluted with deionized water (w/w) and centrifuged to further removeimpurities. The pellet obtained from this last wash step was saved forfurther processing, and the supernatant was discarded.

1.2.6. Dissolution

The inclusion body (IB) pellet was suspended in 50 mM NaHCO₃ buffer, pH10.3±0.1. The suspension was incubated at a temperature of 25±2° C. forabout 0.5-2 hours to allow solubilization of the IB-derived uricase.

1.2.7. CPC Treatment

10% CPC solution was added in aliquots to homogenized IBs (pH 10.3),while briskly mixing, to obtain the desired CPC concentration. Thesample was incubated for 1 to 24 hours as indicated, during whichprecipitating flakes formed. The sample was centrifuged. for 15 minutes,at 12,000×g. The pellet and supernatant were separated, and the pelletwas suspended with 50 mM NaHCO₃ buffer (pH 10.3) to the original volume.The enzymatic activity of each fraction was determined, and thefractions were concentrated and dialyzed to remove the remaining CPC.

1.2.8. Protein Assay

The protein content of aliquots of treated and untreated lB samples wasdetermined using the modified Bradford method (Macart and Gerbaut (1982)Clin Chim Acta 122:93-101).

1.2.9. Uricase Assay 1.2.9.1. Enzymatic Activity

Activity of uricase was measured by the UV method (Fridovich, I. (1965)The competitive inhibition of uricase by oxonate and by relatedderivatives of s-triazines. J Biol Chem, 240, 2491-2494; modified byincorporation of 1 mg/ml BSA). Enzymatic reaction rate was determined,in duplicate samples, by measuring the decrease in absorbance at 292 nmresulting from the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin. One activityunit is defined as the quantity of uricase required to oxidize one μmoleof uric acid per minute, at 25° C., at the specified conditions. Uricasepotency is expressed in activity units per mg protein (U/mg).

The extinction coefficient of 1 mM uric acid at 292 nm in a 1 cm pathlength is 12.2. Therefore, oxidation of 1 μmole of uric acid per mlreaction mixture results in a decrease in absorbance of 12.2 mA₂₉₂. Theabsorbance change with time (ΔA₂₉₂ per minute) was derived from thelinear portion of the curve. Uricase activity was then calculated asfollows:

${{Activity}\left( {U\text{/}{ml}} \right)} = \frac{\Delta \; {A_{292{nm}}\left( {{AU}\text{/}\min} \right)} \times {DF} \times V_{RM}}{V_{S} \times 12.2}$Where:  DF = Dilution  factor;V_(RM) = Total  volume  of  reaction  mixture  (in  μl)V_(S) = Volume  of  diluted  sample  used  in  reaction  mixture  (in  μl)

1.2.9.2. HPLC Analysis With Superdex 200

The amount and the relative percentage of the native uricase enzyme, aswell as possible contaminants, were quantified according to the elutionprofile obtained by HPLC using a Superdex 200 column. Duplicate samplesof uricase solution were injected into the column. The areas of eachpeak and the percent of total area were automatically calculated andsummarized in the adjacent tables.

1.2.10. SDS-PAGE Analysis

Proteins in samples containing ˜20 □g protein/lane, were separated on15% SDS-PAGE gels. The resulting gels were stained with Coomassiebrilliant blue.

1.3. Results

The effects of CPC (0.005-0.075%) treatment (for 1-24 hours) on uricaseactivity recovered in the supernatant, and its purity are presented inTable 1 and FIG 1. Prior to CPC treatment (at pH 10.3), the proteinconcentration was 1.95 mg/ml, and the specific enzymatic activity was3.4-4.67 U/mg. The results presented in FIG. 1B indicate that withineach incubation period, the protein concentration of the supernatantdecreased with increasing CPC concentration. At less than 0.04% CPC, arelatively minor effect on the protein concentration was observed. CPC,in concentrations of 0.04% to 0.075%, could reduce the proteinconcentration to about 50% of the original concentration.

In contrast to the effects of CPC on total protein concentration, thetotal soluble uricase activity was not significantly influenced byincreasing CPC concentration and incubation time (FIG. 1A). Within eachincubation period, the specific enzymatic activity (FIG. 1C)consistently increased as a function of CPC concentration within therange 0.04%-0.075%. This increase was a result of specific removal ofnon-uricase proteins. Since the specific enzymatic activity of the finalpurified enzyme was approximately 9 U/mg, the majority of contaminatingproteins were removed by CPC precipitation. Indeed, HPLC and SDS-PAGEanalyses performed support this conclusion.

TABLE 1 EFFECT OF CPC EXPOSURE ON URICASE SPECIFIC ACTIVITY AND PURITYIncubation Uricase [Protein] Uricase specific time (hr) [CPC] (%)activity (U/ml) (mg/ml) activity (U/mg) 1 0 (load) 6.63 1.95 3.4 1 0.0057.1 1.8 3.9 1 0.01 6.63 1.75 3.7 1 0.02 6.63 1.75 3.7 1 0.04 6.4 1.474.35 1 0.06 5.9 0.95 6.2 1 0.075 6.4 0.9 7.1 4 0.005 8.61 1.7 5.06 40.01 8.36 1.66 5.04 4 0.02 8.36 1.6 5.04 4 0.04 7.38 1.32 5.59 4 0.066.4 0.9 7.1 4 0.075 6.9 0.82 8.4 24 0.005 8.8 1.9 4.66 24 0.01 7.9 1.94.14 24 0.02 7.9 1.9 4.14 24 0.04 7.3 1.5 4.9 24 0.06 6.9 0.97 7.1 240.075 6.6 0.9 7.4 24 0 (load) 9.1 1.95 4.67

1.4. Confirmation Of CPC Enhancement Of Uricase Purity

Uricase-containing IBs were isolated and solubilized, as described insection 1.3. Samples of the soluble material were analyzed prior to CPCtreatment and following filtrationof the CPC-precipitated protein.

1.4.1. HPLC analysis of Non-Uricase Proteins Following Treatment with0.075% CPC

HPLC analysis of solubilized lBs indicated that the uricase-associatedpeak (retention time (RT) ˜25.5 minutes) comprises about 46% of theprotein of the crude IB sample (FIG. 2A). Following CPC treatment, theuricase-associated peak increased to approximately 92% of the protein(FIG. 2B), and was accompanied by significant reduction of thecontaminants eluting between RT 15-22 min. (FIG. 2A). The area of theuricase peak is approximately 70% of that in FIG. 2A. Thus, theseresults indicate a doubling of uricase purity resulting from removal ofnon-uricase protein upon CPC treatment.

1.4.2. Effect of 0.075% CPC on Enzymatic Activity

The results (presented in Table 2) indicate that mass balance of uricaseactivity was retained during the treatment process. CPC exposure wasfound to precipitate 60% of all proteins in solution. More than 85% ofthe enzymatic activity remained in solution, thus the removal ofextraneous protein afforded an increase in specific activity of theproduced supernatant of more than 110%. As in most purificationprocesses, some of the desired activity remained in the pellet. In thisinstance, only 17.6% of the original activity remained in the pellet(and was extracted using 50 mM sodium bicarbonate (7 mSi, pH 10.3) foranalytical purposes), which is a relatively minor fraction of the totalamount.

TABLE 2 EFFECT OF CPC TREATMENT ON URICASE ACTIVITY Total SpecificActivity activity Activity [Protein] activity recovered Sample (U)(U/ml) (mg/ml) (U/mg) (%) Before CPC 490 4.9 2 2.46 100 After 418 4.180.8 5.2 85.3 CPC treatment Pellet after CPC 86 0.8 — — 17.6 treatment1.4.3. SDS-PAGE Analysis Following Treatment with 0.075% CPC

Samples of the crude unease, prior to exposure to CPC, and of thesubsequent fractions, following separation of soluble and insolublematerial, following CPC treatment, centrifugal separation of thefractions, and reconstitution of the pellet obtained aftercentrifugation, containing equal amounts of protein were analyzed bySDS-PAGE methodology. The results (see FIG. 3) show the presence ofcontaminating proteins prior to CPC treatment. Following CPC treatment,the pellet contained most of the contaminating proteins, while thesupernatant contained uricase that resulted in the single major proteinband.

Example 2 Effect of CPC on Purification of Single Chain (scFv)Antibodies 2.1. Materials and Methods 2.1.1. Buffers 2.1.1.1. InclusionBody Dissolution Buffer

Dissolution buffer contained 6 M urea, 50 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, and 0.1 Mcysteine. The pH of the buffer was titrated to 8.5.

2.1.1.2. Folding Buffer

Folding buffer contained 1 M urea, 0.25 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, and 0.1 Mcysteine. The pH of the buffer was titrated to 10.0.

2.1.2. Expression of scFv Antibodies in Bacteria

ScFv antibodies (pI8.9) were expressed in E. coli transformed with avector encoding scFv having cysteine-lysine-alanine-lysine at thecarboxyl end as described in PCT Publication WO 02/059264, incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

2.1.3. Culture and Harvest of scFv Antibody-Producing Bacteria

ScFv-containing bacterial cells were cultured in minimal medium, at pH7.2, and supplemented with L-arginine, final concentration 0.5%, duringthe five hour period prior to induction. Expression of scFv was inducedby limitation of glucose amount in the medium. ScFv-containing bacterialcells were harvested from culture by ultra filtration.

2.1.4. Cell Disruption and Recovery of Inclusion Bodies

Harvested cell pellet was suspended in 50 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.0 and 10mM EDTA and brought to a final volume of approximately 20 times the drycell weight (DUN). Lysozyme, at a concentration of 2000-3000 units/ml,was added to the suspended pellet while mixing, then incubated for 16-20hours, at 4° C.

The cell lysate was then treated by high shear mixing and subsequentlyby sonication The scFv antibody-containing inclusion bodies wererecovered by centrifugation at 10,000×g. The pellet was dilutedapproximately sixteen fold with deionized water (w/w) and centrifuged tofurther remove impurities. The pellet obtained from this last wash stepwas saved for further processing.

2.1.5. Dissolution and Refolding

The IB-enriched pellet was suspended in inclusion body dissolutionbuffer (see above), incubated for 5 hours at room temperature, andrefolded in vitro in a solution based on arginine/oxidized glutathione.After refolding, the protein was dialyzed and concentrated by tangentialflow filtration against containing urea/phosphate buffer.

2.1.6. CPC Treatment

10% CPC solution was added to the scFv refolding mixture to a finalconcentration of 0.02%, and after 1-2 hr incubation, at roomtemperature, the precipitate was removed by filtration. The supernatantcontained the scFv antibody.

2.2. Results

2.2.1. Effect of CPC Concentration on Recoverable scFv Antibody

The effects of CPC (at pH 7.5 or 10) on scFv antibody purity andrecovery are presented in Table 3. Prior to CPC treatment, the initialamount of IB protein was 73 mg, containing 15.87 mg scFv antibody asdetermined by HPLC analysis on Superdex 75. The retention time (RT) ofthe scFv antibody-containing peaks was approximately 20.6 minutes. Theresults indicate that recovery of total protein generally decreased withincreasing CPC concentration, and recovery of scFv antibodyremained >80% when the CPC concentration was<0.03%. More efficientremoval of contaminating protein was achieved at pH 7.5 relative to thatat pH 10. Thus, scFv antibody purification was achieved by treatmentwith 0.01 to 0.03% CPC.

TABLE 3 Effect of CPC treatment on scFv antibody recovery and purityTotal Total scFv Treatment of protein by HPLC Purification % recovery ofsoluble IBs (mg) (mg) factor scFv by HPLC Control (before 73 15.87 100CPC) 0.01% CPC (pH 64 15.66 1.13 98.68 10) 0.01% CPC (pH 50.76 14.971.36 94.33 7.5) 0.015% CPC (pH 54 14.49 1.23 91.30 10) 0.015% CPC (pH39.96 14.22 1.64 89.60 7.5) 0.02% CPC (pH 43 13.35 1.43 84.12 10) 0.02%CPC (pH 37.8 13.02 1.58 82.04 7.5) 0.03% CPC (pH 35 11.12 1.46 70.07 10)0.03% CPC (pH 37.8 12.47 1.52 78.58 7.5)2.3. Confirmation of Cpc Enhancement of scfv Antibody Purity2.3.1. HPLC Analysis of scFv Recovery Following Treatment with CPC

HPLC analysis of refolded protein indicates that the scFvantibody-associated peak (retention time (RT) ˜20.6 minutes) comprisedabout 22.7% of the protein of the total protein (FIG. 4B). Thechromatogram of FIG. 4C indicates that following treatment with 0.02%CPC, the scFv antibody-associated peat of the supernatant comprisedapproximately 75.9% of the total protein injected, a 3.3-foldpurification. Thus, CPC treatment removed protein impurities from scFvantibody solutions.

23.2. SDS-PAGE Analysis on scFv Recovery Following Treatment with CPC

The results (see FIG. 5) indicate that prior to CPC treatment, thesample contained significant amounts of a large number of proteins.Similarly, following CPC treatment, the pellet contained a large numberof proteins. In contrast, the post-CPC treatment supernatant containedone major protein band, that of scFv antibody.

Example 3 Effect of CPC on Purification of Recombinant Interferon-Beta

Interferon beta (IFN-beta, pI 8.5-8.9) was expressed in E-coli by knownmethods. Nagola, S, et al., Nature, 284:316 (1980); Goeddel, D. V. etal., Nature, 287:411 (1980); Yelverton, E. et al., Nuc. Acid Res., 9:731(1981); Streuli, M. et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. (U.S.), 78:2848(1981); European Pat. Application No. 28033, published May 6, 1981;321134, published Jul. 15, 1981; 34307 published Aug. 26, 1981; andBelgian Patent No. 837379, issued Jul. 1, 1981 described various methodsfor the production of beta-interferon employing recombinant DNAtechniques. Procedures for recovering and purifying bacterially producedIFNs are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,450,103; 4,315,852; 4,343,735;and 4,343,736; and Derynck et al., Nature (1980) 287:193-197 andScandella and Kornberg, Biochemistry, 10:4447 (1971), Inclusion bodiescontaining IFN-beta were isolated and solubilized.

The resulting solution was treated with CPC. The results shown in FIG. 6indicate a substantial decrease in the level of contaminating proteinspresent after CPC treatment. The actual amount of IFN-beta (area underthe peak) did not change appreciably following CPC treatment.

Table 4 summarizes the effects of the CPC treatment. Total protein(Bradford) decreased by 40%, UV absorbance decreased by about 40% butthe amount of IFN-beta remained unchanged.

TABLE 4 IFNb Protein O.D content Sample and Treatment (mg/ml) A₂₈₀(mg/ml)^(a) SEC Profile Control (post protein 0.51 1.55 0.069 Peak ofR.T. folding 13^(b) min is no CPC, 1049-31) 15% of total area Test (postprotein folding 0.3 1.0 0.069 Peak of R.T. and treatment with 13^(b) minis 7.34% 0.05% CPC, 1049-31) of total area ^(a)Quantified by Vydac C4column ^(b)The SEC profile contained several peaks. The peak eluting at13 min (R.T. 13 min) is reduced upon treatment with CPC and correspondsto the region where high molecular weight proteins and variants thereofelute.

Example 4 Effect of CPC on Purification of Factor Xa Inhibitor.

CPC was used to purify leech factor Xa inhibitor. Leech factor Xainhibitor (FXaI, pI 8.4-9.1) may be produced as described in U.S. Pat.No. 6,211,341 and International Patent Publication No. WO94/23735.Following isolation of FXaI-containing inclusion bodies (IBs), the FXaIwas purified from IBs substantially as described in example 1. Afterdissolution of the IB pellet, the preparation was incubated with 10% CPCsolution. Then, the mixture was centrifuged for 15 minutes, at 12,000×g.The pellet and supernatant were separated. The pellet was suspended with50 mM NaHCO3 buffer to the original volume. The pellet and supernatantwere separately concentrated and dialyzed to remove the remaining CPC.The protein content and activity were assayed and FXaI was found to bethe predominant component in the supernatant and substantially absentfrom the pellet. The results indicate that CPC treatment enhanced theefficiency of recovery and the purity of the recovered FXaI.

Example 5 Purification of Carboxypeptidase B (CPB) by CPC

Identical mounts of inclusion bodies obtained from a clone expressingCPB were solubilized in 8 M urea, pH 9.5 (control and test). Productionof CPB is described in International Patent Publication No. WO96/23064and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,668. The test sample was treated with CPC0.11% and clarified by filtration prior to refolding. Refolding ofcontrol and test samples were carried, out by diluting the solutions 1:8into refolding buffer. After treatment with endoproteinase over night atambient temperature, equal amounts of control and test solutions wereloaded onto a DEAE Sepharose column. The column was washed and theactive enzyme was subsequently eluted with 60 mM Sodium Chloride in 20mM Tris buffer pH 8.

TABLE 5 Treatment Process Step Parameter Control 0.11% CPC Dissolutionin 8M Urea Total A₂₈₀ 960 494 Post Clarification Protein Content 490 272(mg)* pH 9.5 9.5 Enzyme Activity Inactive (**) Inactive (**) (Units)Post Chromatography Protein Content 5.67 8.41 of 26.5 mg of Refoldate(mg)* (DEAE MP) Enzyme Activity 258 4043 (Units) Specific Activity 98481 (Units/mg) *Protein determination was carried out by the Bradfordmethod. (**) Prior to refolding the protein was inactive

The results presented in Table 5 show that total OD in the CPC treatedmaterial dropped by 49.5% and the total protein content was reduced. by44.5%. Interestingly, total enzyme activity recovered in the CPC treatedsample increased by 79%, suggesting that CPC removed a component thatpartially inhibited generation of active enzyme.

All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent or patent application was specificallyand individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in itsentirety for all purposes.

Many modifications and variations of the present invention can be madewithout departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent tothose skilled in the art. The specific embodiments described herein areoffered by way of example only, and the invention is to be limited onlyby the terms of the appended claims along with the full scope ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled.

1-48. (canceled)
 49. A method for purifying a uricase comprising: (a)obtaining a solution comprising a mixture of a solubilized uricase, oneor more solubilized contaminating proteins and an alkaline buffer,wherein the uricase is positively charged under alkaline pH and has anisoelectric point greater than or equal to 7 and the one or morecontaminating proteins has a polyanion charge; (b) contacting thesolution comprising the mixture of the solubilized uricase and the oneor more solubilized contaminating proteins with one or more cationicsurfactants in an amount effective to preferentially precipitate the oneor more contaminating proteins, thereby increasing the proportion ofproteins remaining in solution represented by the uricase; and (c)recovering the uricase in solution after the preferential precipitationof step (b); wherein the uricase comprises at least 90% of the totalprotein in the solution; wherein the method is performed in the absenceof a solid support and wherein at least one of the one or more cationicsurfactants is an amphipathic ammonium compound selected from the groupconsisting of a quaternary ammonium compound of the general formula QN+;a paraffin chain primary ammonium compound of the general formula RNH3+;and a salt thereof.
 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the amphipathicammonium compound is selected from the group consisting ofcetylpyridinium salts, stearamide-methylpyridinium salts, laurylpyridinium salts, cetylquinolynium salts, lauryl aminopropionic acidmethyl ester salts, lauryl amino propionic acid metal salts, lauryldimethyl betaine, stearyl dimethyl betaine, lauryl dihydroxyethylbetaine and benzethonium salts.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein theamphipathic ammonium compound is selected from hexadecylpyridiniumchloride, dequalinium acetate, hexadecylpyridinium chloride,cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, mixed N-alkyl dimethyl benzylammoniumchloride, cetylpyridinium chloride,N,N-dimethyl-N-[2-[2-[4-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)-phenoxy]ethoxy]ethyl]benzenemethanammonium chloride, alkyl-dimethylbenzyl-ammonium chloride,and dichloro-benzyldimethyl-alkylammonium chloride, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide,cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, lauryl dimethyl betaine stearyl dimethylbetaine, and lauryl dihydroxyethyl betaine.
 52. The method of claim 50,wherein the amphipathic ammonium compound is a cetylpyridinium salt. 53.The method of claim 52, wherein the cetylpyridinium salt iscetylpyridinium chloride.
 54. The method of claim 49, wherein thesolution further comprises one or more cellular components fromEscherichia coli.
 55. The method of claim 49, wherein the uricase is amammalian uricase.
 56. The method of claim 49, wherein the one or morecationic surfactants are added to a concentration of from 0.001% to5.0%.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the one or more cationicsurfactants are added to a concentration of from 0.01% to 0.5%.
 58. Themethod of claim 56, wherein the one or more cationic surfactants areadded to a concentration of from 0.03% to 0.2%.
 59. The method of claim49, wherein the solution is substantially free of polyanions, solidsupports, and aggregates of the contaminating proteins.
 60. The methodof claim 49, wherein the uricase protein has an isoelectric pointgreater than
 7. 61. A method for purifying a uricase comprising: (a)obtaining a solution comprising a mixture of a solubilized uricase, oneor more solubilized contaminating proteins and an alkaline buffer,wherein the uricase is positively charged under alkaline pH and has anisoelectric point greater than or equal to 7 and the one or morecontaminating proteins has a polyanion charge; (b) contacting thesolution comprising the mixture of the solubilized uricase and the oneor more solubilized contaminating proteins with one or more cationicsurfactants in an amount effective to preferentially precipitate the oneor more contaminating proteins, thereby increasing the proportion ofproteins remaining in solution represented by the uricase; and (c)recovering the uricase in solution after the preferential precipitationof step (b); wherein the uricase comprises at least 90% of the totalprotein in the solution; wherein at least one of the one or morecationic surfactants is cetylpyridinium chloride; and wherein the methodis performed in the absence of a solid support.